Hundreds of people were possibly exposed to measles after a child with the virus was seen at a Northern California hospital, officials said.
As many as 300 people were exposed to the child, who was confirmed to have measles and evaluated at UC Davis Medical Center’s emergency department, according to health officials in Sacramento and El Dorado counties.
The child was seen between noon and 5 p.m. March 5 at the Sacramento hospital. People who are unvaccinated, or don’t know their measles vaccination status, “are at risk of developing measles from seven to 21 days after being exposed,” the Sacramento County public health department said in a statement.
The exposure highlights growing concern about the reemergence of measles nationwide this year. Four cases have been reported in California, including one in Los Angeles County involving a person who arrived Jan. 25 on a Turkish Airlines flight while infectious and later visited a Chick-fil-A restaurant in Northridge.
Another measles case was recently reported in San Diego County involving a 1-year-old who had traveled overseas. Other people were potentially exposed at locations including Grossmont Pediatrics of La Mesa on Jan. 31, and the emergency department at Rady Children’s Hospital-San Diego on Feb. 1.
Nationwide, there have been 45 measles cases in at least 17 states this year, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. That’s nearly as many as all cases reported in 2023, when there were 58.
Measles is one of the most contagious viruses and can be spread through the air. The last significant year for measles nationally was in 2019, when there were 1,274 cases — the highest since 1992.
Of the cases reported between Jan. 1 and Oct. 1 in 2019, 119 people needed hospitalization. Sixty patients suffered from pneumonia, and one had encephalitis, an inflammation of the brain. Among those hospitalized, 20% were infants younger than 1. Children under 1 year of age are too young to be vaccinated.
Fueling concern this year is a cluster of measles cases reported last month in an elementary school in Florida. The state’s surgeon general, Dr. Joseph Ladapo, has come under criticism for his response after declining to order unvaccinated children to stay home during the outbreak. That response goes against routine public health recommendations of barring unvaccinated children from classrooms in the midst of an outbreak — a playbook used in California.
Ladapo has faced criticism before, including for statements on COVID-19 vaccinations that were rebuked by officials with the CDC and Food and Drug Administration.
The vaccine protecting people against measles — which has been around since 1963 in the U.S. — is routinely given to children and is highly effective. But health officials nationwide have seen what can happen when vaccination rates decline.
The 2014–15 Disneyland measles outbreak was linked to more than 140 cases among residents in the U.S., Canada and Mexico, most of whom were either not vaccinated or had an unknown vaccination status. Factors in the Disney outbreak included declining vaccination rates, in part inspired by a 1998 Lancet report that was later discredited that linked the measles vaccine to autism.
That report’s conclusion was retracted by the Lancet in 2010. An editorial coauthored by Dr. Fiona Godlee, then the editor-in-chief of BMJ, formerly the British Medical Journal, in 2011 called the original Lancet report an “elaboratefraud.” The editorial accompanied a report by British investigative journalist Brian Deer that documented how a key author, Andrew Wakefield, manipulated data to prove something he “knew” before he started his research. British officials revoked Wakefield’s license to practice medicine.
Nonetheless, the damage was done: Public confidence in the vaccine dropped, and measles cases rose.
Sentiment toward the vaccine seemed to shift after the Disneyland outbreak. Measles vaccination rates rose among California’s kindergartners, likely in large part because of a change in state law in 2015 that strengthened requirements that schoolchildren be vaccinated against measles and other diseases.
Prior to that change, California parents could cite personal beliefs in asking children to be exempt from routine vaccination requirements; the new law said that only medical exemptions would be allowed for children entering daycare and kindergarten. Parents still can decline to vaccinate children attending private home-based schools or independent studies off-campus.
A very high percentage of the population needs to be vaccinated against measles to prevent outbreaks, ideally 95% or greater.
Measles ravaged California from 1989 to 1990, when more than 15,000 cases were reported, causing about 70 deaths. That outbreak prompted health authorities to recommend a second dose to the measles vaccine schedule.
In 1977, Los Angeles County health officials faced two measles deaths, three cases of brain inflammation and numerous cases of pneumonia requiring hospitalization, according to an article in the journal Vaccine. County health officials ordered 50,000 people with no proof of immunity to stay away from schools; within days, “most were back at school with proof of immunity, and the number of reported measles cases dropped precipitously,” the report said.
Vaccination rates improved nationwide following the creation of the federal Vaccines for Children program in the 1990s, which paid for vaccines for those who couldn’t afford them.
Some pediatricians in California have expressed concern about parents requesting delays in vaccinating their young children. While California does not keep track of vaccination data for all children, some pediatricians say they’ve seen more parents asking about delays since the COVID-19 pandemic surfaced more misinformation about vaccine safety.
Health officials in the Sacramento area are urging people who have had a possible measles exposure to contact their doctor or healthcare provider if they are pregnant, care for an infant, have a weakened immune system or are not immunized. “Do not go to your provider in-person or go to the emergency department,” which risks exposing other people, the Sacramento County public health department said.
Once exposure to the measles virus occurs, symptoms can appear seven to 14 days later, causing high fever, cough, runny nose and red, watery eyes. Several days after initial symptoms begin, the telltale measles rash can appear. The virus is especially dangerous for babies and young children, the CDC says.
The recommended measles vaccination schedule is to administer the first dose at 12 to 15 months of age, followed by a second dose at 4 to 6 years.
Generally, 1 in 5 unvaccinated people in the U.S. who get measles need to be hospitalized; 1 of every 20 children with measles gets pneumonia; and 1 child out of every 1,000 who get measles will develop swelling of the brain that can lead to convulsions and result in permanent loss of hearing or intellectual disability, the CDC says.
“Nearly 1 to 3 of every 1,000 children who become infected with measles will die from respiratory and neurologic complications,” according to the CDC.
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