Almost 15 years ago, the U.S. Navy christened the first of a new class of warship designed to fight the Global War on Terror. The so-called littoral combat ships would be fast and agile, operating close to shore against missile-firing boats and small submarines.
Today, the Navy has a new mission — or rather, has returned to its old mission, facing off against more capable warships deployed by China and Russia. And the service is still trying to figure out what to do with its $16 billion LCS fleet.
It doesn’t help that some of the ships have suffered embarrassing breakdowns in mid-ocean. Or that the Navy discovered recently that the transmission in one of the two classes of ships was defective and needed to be redesigned. And while Congress has eagerly funded construction of the two very different classes of ships, it cut funding from the mission modules needed by the ships to fulfill their missions.
That unfortunate combination explains the ignominious nickname assigned to the LCS by some sailors: Little Crappy Ships.
The Navy intends to spend an additional $61 billion to maintain and operate the ships, according to the Government Accountability Office. But at the same time, the service announced plans last year to retire four of the earliest ships — all based in San Diego — beginning this summer, well ahead of the end of their projected service lives.
The Independence, the second ship of the LCS class, will decommission on July 31, followed by the first LCS, the Freedom, on Sept. 30, according to the San Diego-based Naval Surface Force Pacific. Plans to decommission the third ship of the class, the Fort Worth, and the fourth, the Coronado, were nixed by Congress in this year’s budget.
The Coronado only entered service in 2014. The ships, the Navy says, were designed to operate for at least 25 years.
The Navy said the money it saves in maintaining the first two ships will be put to better use elsewhere. Those ships, along with the Fort Worth and Coronado, are test platforms and are configured differently than newer littoral combat ships.
“To remain ahead of our competitors, particularly under fiscal constraints, it is important for Navy to carefully review our force structure regularly and divest of legacy capabilities that no longer bring sufficient lethality to the fight,” said Cmdr. Nicole Schwegman, a Surface Force spokeswoman.
Schwegman said plans to decommission the Fort Worth and Coronado are on hold and the Navy has not yet made a decision on how to proceed.
Fighting terroristsWhen the Navy’s first littoral combat ship contract was awarded in 2005, the country was in the throes of fighting al-Qaeda. U.S. troops occupied Iraq and Afghanistan and the Navy was looking for a small, maneuverable vessel to operate in the world’s littoral waters, or those close to shore. The ships were designed for automation and minimal manning — early on, the Navy planned to only put 40 sailors on board each ship, a number that has since expanded to 70.
In an unusual move, the Navy also elected to field two different versions of the ship from different shipbuilders — the steel-hulled 387-foot Freedom class, designed by Lockheed Martin and built by Marinette Marine in Marinette, Wisc., and the 421-foot all-aluminum trimaran Independence class, designed by General Dynamics and built by Austal USA in Mobile, Ala.
Both versions were meant to have “modular” mission capability — the ability to go to sea with one of three interchangeable mission packages: anti-mine, anti-submarine or surface warfare.
In 2016, that modular model was abandoned, and the Navy said each ship would be dedicated to one of those three mission configurations.
“The Navy is not getting what they expected to get out of LCS at this point,” said Shelby Oakley, who oversees the GAO’s work on Navy shipbuilding. “There was a lot of over-promising of capability and technology and concepts that didn’t come to fruition.”
The ships have had issues with their power trains. To achieve their high speed — sprinting as fast as 40 knots, or 46 mph — each ship has four engines, two diesel and two gasoline, and is pushed through the water via water jets rather than the traditional screw propellers. In January, the Navy stopped accepting Freedom-class littoral combat ships after discovering a design flaw in the combining gear of the vessels. The combining gear functions as a part of the ship’s transmission.
Testing is underway in Germany for a fix to the issue and the Navy is still working on a plan to install the fix on ships in the fleet, Schwegman said.
“Land-based factory testing is currently underway at the RENK facility in Germany and will continue over the next several months,” she said. “This will be followed by sea-based testing.”
The flaw only affected the Freedom-variant, Schwegman said, as the Independence-variant does not have a combining gear.
All of the Navy’s Independence-variants are based out of San Diego. All but two of the Freedom variants operate out of Mayport, Fla.; the Freedom and the Fort Worth are based in San Diego.
A ship with no helmsmanLittoral combat ships don’t just look different than anything else on the waterfront — the differences continue inside the skin of the ships.
On the Kansas City — commissioned in San Diego last year, the 22nd LCS to enter the fleet — the bridge more closely resembles that of the fictional starships of Star Trek than a traditional Navy ship. Two pilot’s seats reminiscent of aircraft cockpit seats are positioned center and forward on the bridge. The ship’s commanding officer, Cmdr. Christopher Brusca, explained that the officer of the deck drives the ship by controlling both the power and direction of the ship’s four water jets with a joystick-like dial, rather than the traditional setup of a helmsman steering with a wheel. The ships have no rudders.
Just like the bridge on the starship Enterprise, key members of the crew are all based on the bridge, including the engineering watch officer, tactical action officer, fire controlmen and operations specialists.
The ship also has very few crew spaces and no living quarters below its waterline, meaning the risk of flooding from collisions or battle damage is relatively low — something unique to this variant, Brusca said. The ship also lacks the steep, often slippery ladder-wells found on other vessels; sailors transit an actual staircase between the decks.
The trimaran hull gives the ship another notable advantage, Brusca said: it only sits about 14 feet deep in the water, meaning it can get closer to shore than most ships. This gives the ship an advantage not just in warfighting, but in diplomacy, he said.
“We can pull into ports that some other ships can’t because those harbors are shallower,” he said. “So we’ve been able to pull into ports in Asia and have relationships with other countries and other communities within those countries that the Navy has not been able to go to before.”
Problems persistOne of the issues with littoral combat ships is their lack of firepower. Combined with the aluminum hull of the Independence variants, concerns about ship survivability persist.
In 2019, the Navy installed the Naval Strike Missile on the San Diego-based Gabriel Giffords, and it has since added the 100-mile-range anti-ship missiles to three more Independence-variant ships. The Navy plans to add to them to the rest of the class, Schwegman said.
As a training vessel, the Kansas City does not yet have the missiles, Brusca said. The Navy is prioritizing operational ships with the upgrade, which is a significant improvement.
“An LCS that didn’t have those missiles? Maybe not very threatening in the open seas,” Brusca said. “Now that those missiles are on, you better pay attention to where the LCSs are and that we’ve got a lot of them. We can definitely reach out an touch people.”
Littoral combat ships are able to launch and recover both manned and unmanned helicopters from their rear flight decks.
‘High-risk’ strategyThe decision to retire the first littoral combat ships was seen as yet another example of the Navy’s poor post-Cold War shipbuilding strategy.
Another class of cutting-edge ship in San Diego harbor — the stealth destroyers Zumwalt and Michael Monsoor — have no ammunition for their main armament, a gun that was supposed to shoot rocket-assisted shells. The shells became too expensive when the class was cut from 30 ships to three — again, partly because the Zumwalt class’s mission changed. Once optimized for fire support close to shore, now the class is being transitioned into a missile-firing role.
The main problem with littoral combat ships, according to GAO watchdogs, is the way the Navy went about developing and purchasing the vessels. The technology on the ships was being developed at the same time as the ships were being constructed.
“LCS is certainly one of those programs … that was set up with a high-risk approach,” Oakley said. “And the outcome was reduced quantities, reduced capability, increased cost, schedule delays — all those things that you don’t want to have happen that happen all too frequently.”
Oakley said she’d recently embarked on a destroyer and noticed all the littoral combat ships sitting idle at Naval Base San Diego as they were leaving.
“All you’re seeing is LCS after LCS after LCS just sitting there, doing nothing,” she said. “So when you think about the stresses on the current fleet and all the things you hear about ships being run much longer (and) much harder than we expected … having the LCS fleet and many of them just sitting there not accomplishing what they should be accomplishing really compounds that issue.”
Diana Maurer, who has been monitoring the LCS program since the beginning for the GAO, stopped short of calling the program a boondoggle.
“I think the simple way to answer whether this is or is not a success is just to look at the fact that the Navy is in the process of buying an entirely new class of ships — the frigate — because of shortfalls in the LCS,” Maurer said. “I think the thing that is most troublesome is … who answers for the millions, the billions that have been left unused?”
Maurer said that the Navy wasn’t really able to try the ships before buying them.
“The Navy had to kind of abandon that because the initial costs started being too high,” Maurer said. And the manufacturers couldn’t afford to build a new class of ship without an agreement that said the Navy would buy them.
Operation costs are also high with littoral combat ships. Because the ships are minimally manned, much of the maintenance and repair work is performed by expensive government contractors who have to travel to perform their jobs, the GAO said in an April report. The Navy also lacks the technical data to maintain several systems, the report said.
Adm. Mike Gilday, the chief of naval operations, said the Navy is looking for ways to shift some of that maintenance to sailors in an interview with Defense News this month. However, the manning levels on the ship could limit how much is shifted and that the Navy could adjust the manning on board to meet that need, Gilday said.
In testimony before a Congressional appropriations subcommittee on April 29, Gilday, said the service is “bullish” on LCS and the future of the ships.
The future The Navy currently has 12 Independence-variants and 10 Freedom-variants in the fleet, including the two set for decommissioning this year. The program will produce a total of 35 ships, Schwegman said.
However, the Navy also plans to field at least 20 new frigates over the next decade, at a cost of about $20 billion, according to data from the Congressional Budget Office. These new 496-foot frigates will be built out of steel and use propeller propulsion.
They’ll also come with a compliment of guided missiles in addition to the Naval Strike Missiles now being retrofitted onto Independence-variant littoral combat ships. The Navy expects construction to begin on the first frigate early next year.
The only of its “modules” that have been fielded on LCS to date is the surface-warfare package, Maurer said, which has led to a relatively low operation workload for the ships.
“The problem is, since so much of the combat capability resides in the mission packages and they’re not done, you get a situation where you have ships with no mission packages,” Maurer said.
Those other two mission packages are expected next year, Gilday told Defense News last month.
In the meantime, the Navy has found littoral combat ships to be effective in the Southern Command area of operations in the eastern Pacific, conducting counter-drug smuggling work with the Coast Guard. They’ve also deployed to the western Pacific and the Middle East.
One unfortunate benefit to the LCS program, according to the GAO experts, is that the Navy learned how not to buy new ships.
“(With) the frigate, they wanted to make up for some of the wrongs of LCS,” Maurer said. “With LCS, the speed requirement drove a lot of decisions that kind of caused some of the demise of the program because they focused on speed at the expense of other things so that made certain other requirements more expensive.”
It’s unlikely littoral combat ships will find themselves part of the long-term Navy fleet alongside the aircraft carriers, destroyers and other surface combatants that have been around for decades, Oakley said. The new class of frigates — and, increasingly, unmanned ships and aircraft — will likely do the jobs the Navy once envisioned for LCS.
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