- China has one “combat ready” aircraft carrier, another one undergoing preparation for service, and another one still in development.
- The Liaoning, an old Soviet heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser refitted to become China’s first aircraft carrier, and the Type 001A, China’s first indigenously-produced aircraft carrier, are both limited in their combat capabilities due to several glaring weaknesses.
- Striving to enhance the power of its carrier fleet, China is trying to overcome problems with its engines, launch system, pilots, carrier-based fighters, and knowledge of carrier operations.
- China has a third carrier in the works, and it is expected to be a “huge step forward” for the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Navy, as it may be a flattop that begins to close the technology gap between China and its main competitor.
The capabilities of China’s current carrier force are severely limited by several serious weaknesses, making it vastly inferior to the US Navy, but the one it has in the works is where the world could start to see the Chinese navy closing the gap with its primary competitor.
China only has one aircraft carrier — the Type 001 Liaoning — in service. But that carrier, known as the sister ship of Russia’s Admiral Kuznetsov aircraft carrier, recognized as one of the worst carrier’s in the world, is “not very impressive,” said Matthew Funaiole, a fellow with the China Power Project at the Center for Strategic and International Studies.
Originally a Soviet “heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser,” China obtained the vessel from the Ukraine under questionable circumstances in the late 1990s, upgraded and refitted it domestically over the next decade, and officially commissioned it into the People’s Liberation Army Navy in 2012.
China declared the carrier combat ready in November 2016, according to a CSIS China Power Project report. While the ship has participated in and led live-fire exercises, it primarily serves as a training vessel.
“For what the Liaoning is, I think it’s pretty good at its job,” Funaiole said. “They purchased it, they reverse engineered it, they used it to design their second aircraft carrier, and now they are using it as a training vessel to sort out carrier operations, figure out how to integrate it into the fleet, and determine what kind of supporting vessels they need to put with the carrier for their mission.”
China launched a second carrier, the Type 001A, earlier this year. That ship, similar to its predecessor, is “improved in some places,” Funaiole said, “It has a newer radar, it’s a little bit bigger, the flight deck is a little bit bigger, the island is a bit smaller, so they have more space.”
“It definitely has some technology upgrades on it,” he added.
There’s also a third carrier — the Type 002 — in the works, and while it may be a significant step up, for now, China’s carrier force faces several glaring weaknesses that limit its capabilities.
Power and propulsion
“They have such serious deficiencies with their engines, and this is a historic problem for China, not just for their ships but for their airplanes as well,” Funaiole said, adding that it was the one thing preventing the Chengdu J-20 stealth fighter jet from becoming a true fifth-generation aircraft.
Unlike US aircraft carriers, which are powered by onboard nuclear reactors, China’s Liaoning and Type 001A carriers are both diesel-powered ships. The Type 002 will likely be diesel as well, seeing that China has yet to overcome the development hurdles required to build a nuclear-powered aircraft carrier.
“That’s going to be the biggest challenge for China,” Funaiole said. “Trying to figure out how to get a nuclear-powered reactor on the ship.”
The diesel-fueled steam turbine power plants are less efficient and reduce the speed and service life of the carrier, according to Geopolitical Futures. The Liaoning is believed to have a top speed of roughly 20 knots.
Aircraft launch system
For example, while the Nimitz-class supercarrier USS Ronald Reagan can launch an aircraft with a maximum weight of roughly 100,000 pounds, an aircraft taking off from the Liaoning would be significantly limited, perhaps to as little as 60,000 pounds. That means less fuel, fewer armaments, and reduced combat capability.
STOBAR systems, while having the benefit of being simple technology with few moving parts, also put greater strain on the aircraft and tend to result in reductions in operational range, payload size, and ultimately the number of flights the onboard aircraft can fly.
Pilots
“They don’t have a whole lot of pilots. Not a lot of capacity in that area,” Funaiole said, adding that Chinese pilots largely lack the ability to take off and land at night, a skill necessary for advanced carrier combat capability.
The Chinese state media outlet Global Times heralded what appeared to be the Liaoning’s first successful completion of a nighttime take-off and landing mission in May.
China is believed to have only one or two dozen pilots with training suitable for carrier operations, and training has been costly over the years, not just in terms of damaged or destroyed planes, but lost lives as well.
“Two test pilots of the squadron sacrificed their lives during” flight testing for the Liaoning’s carrier-based Shenyang J-15 “Flying Shark” fighter jets, the China Dailyreported back in 2014. Another pilot was killed in a training accident in 2016, the South China Morning Post reported at the time.
Chinese state-run broadcaster CCTV revealed earlier this year that while take-off can be a challenge, landing on the Liaoning requires “a little bit luck plus a strong body and mind,” according to a report from the Asia Times.
According to CSIS, training American pilots to master the dangerous tasks of taking off and landing on a carrier required around four decades and cost thousands of lives and aircraft. China has the benefit of learning from others, but the challenge ahead is no easy task for the carrier-based pilots.
Planes
“The J-15 is not the most efficient carrier platform. It’s probably the heaviest airplane that takes off on a carrier right now,” Funaiole said. He also noted that its weight, coupled with the launch systems on the Liaoning and Type 001A, force the Chinese Navy to sacrifice capability just to get the fighters in the air.
Not only is the fighter — a derivative and descendant of Soviet platforms — too big and too heavy for use aboard China’s smaller aircraft carriers, but it is also too unreliable.
Planes (continued)
“The J-15 is a problematic aircraft … its unstable flight control system was the key factor behind” some of the fatal accidents during testing and training, a source close to the Chinese military told the South China Morning Post in July.
Even with a catapult-assisted launch system, the fighter jet, which is based on a design that is now around 30 years old, would likely begin to break down after being forcefully hurled off the carrier a few times, experts suspect.
China is reportedly considering replacing the fourth-generation J-15, which has a maximum take-off weight of more than 70,000 pounds, with a lighter, more durable aircraft. Uncorroborated rumors suggest that China might be looking at the FC-31 stealth fighter, a relatively new military aircraft that is comparable to but noticeably less capable than the American F-35 Lightning II Joint Strike Fighter.
Knowledge of carrier operations
“They are very new to carrier operations,” Funaiole said. “They have never operated carriers in any high-intensity situations. They still have a lot of training to do. They aren’t sure about their doctrine.”
“They really have to figure out what their mission set is going to be,” he added.
Between December 2016 and January 2017, the Liaoning aircraft carrier, accompanied by several support ships, conducted drills in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea, Western Pacific, and South China Sea.
China’s first carrier has since participated in other naval exercises, including additional live-fire drills in the East China Sea and Western Pacific. In March, the Liaoning led a major show of force maneuver in the South China Sea involving dozens of Chinese People’s Liberation Army Navy ships.
Chinese state media has previously declared that China’s carrier force will eventually be able to patrol deep into the Eastern Pacific, demonstrating its capabilities along America’s east coast. “This is the song and destiny of China’s carrier!” the state-run People’s Daily asserted last year. China’s not there yet.
Mysterious Type 002 Could Be A ‘Huge Step Forward’
“The new one, the Type 002, is something that might be a little more interesting, a little more compelling,” Funaiole introduced.
In June, China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation (CSIC), a Chinese firm involved in constructing the country’s aircraft carriers, posted a photo of three aircraft carriers, with two being the Liaoning and Type 001A and one suspected of being the Type 002. The picture was deleted, but not before it became a hot topic of discussion among military analysts, according to The National Interest.
The picture, which appeared to feature an artist’s rendering of the Type 002 rather than an actual image of the ship, showcased a flat flight deck with an apparent CATOBAR launch system, suggesting that China’s newest carrier may be able to pack more of a punch than its two predecessors.
Chinese Major General Yin Zhuo told the People’s Daily in 2013 that “China’s aircraft carrier will follow the path of technical revolution, creating an information based vessel with an electromagnetic aircraft launch system, and a comprehensive electronic system.”
Type 002 (continued)
As of last year, there were several reports and rumors that China was researching and developing an electromagnetic aircraft launch system (EMALS), a system the US has designed for its Ford-class carrier.
“If the third carrier, the Type 002, does have some catapult-assisted launch system, that will be a huge step forward for China,” Funaiole said. “They would very quickly have moved closer to what current technology is. That’s something that very few countries can do. That would put China in a very elite status.”
This is what everyone is waiting to see with China’s newest carrier.
A CATOBAR system of any kind would significantly boost the overall combat capabilities of China’s carrier force, as it would not only be able to launch aircraft with additional fuel and armaments for greater operational range and combat power, but the Chinese navy could also launch heavier airborne early warning aircraft to better protect the carrier fleet.
Catapult-assisted launch systems also allow China the ability to launch aircraft more quickly, increasing reaction time in any potential engagement.
China’s carriers don’t hold a candle to the US Navy … for now
China has the ability to turn out ships at incredible speed, which has allowed it to build the largest naval force in the world. But its capabilities at sea do not hold a candle to the power of the US Navy, experts say.
US Navy Vice Admiral Tom Rowden, the former head of Naval Surface Forces, compared the Chinese and the US navies last year, and said “one of them couldn’t fight their way out of a wet paper bag and the other one will rock anything that it comes up against.”
The same holds true across the Chinese navy, including the branch’s carrier force, but China is just getting started.
“There’s certainly a tendency among people who look at China’s aircraft carriers to make an immediate comparison with the United States,” Funaiole said. “That’s a little bit unfair because the US has been doing this for 90 years and the Chinese are just now getting into the carrier game.”
“If you put the two side by side,” he added, “obviously the US has huge advantages in terms of technology and knowledge of carrier operations.” He said that compared to the US Navy’s carriers, the Liaoning looks pretty weak, despite what Chinese state media suggests.
But, the Liaoning and the Type 001A are not necessarily intended as advanced combat platforms. Rather, they are evidence that China is “practicing how to build and operate carriers” for the next phase of its emergence as major military power.
The Chinese “are really trying to put together a few carrier fleets and figure out what their [areas of responsibility] are going to be. I think it is realistic that they will build four to six carriers within the next ten years,” Funaiole speculated, suggesting that potential AORs include the South China Sea and possibly the Indian Ocean.
While Chinese carriers are currently no match for the US Navy, China has its neighbors outgunned, especially in Southeast Asia, where Funaiole argues “no country is going to have the capacity to even match China in any way technologically.”
